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EDITORIAL |
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The patient connexion… |
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Sanjay N Jain DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150094 PMID:25709156 |
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COMPUTERS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES |
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Pressure injectors for radiologists: A review and what is new  |
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Inna K Indrajit, Rajeev Sivasankar, John D'Souza, Rochan Pant, Raj S Negi, Samresh Sahu, Hashim PI DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150105 PMID:25709157Pressure Injectors are used routinely in diagnostic and interventional radiology. Advances in medical science and technology have made it is imperative for both diagnostic as well as interventional radiologists to have a thorough understanding of the various aspects of pressure injectors. Further, as many radiologists may not be fully conversant with injections into ports, central lines and PICCs, it is important to familiarize oneself with the same. It is also important to follow stringent operating protocols during the use of pressure injectors to prevent complications such as contrast extravastion, sepsis and air embolism. This article aims to update existing knowledge base in this respect. |
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INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY |
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Cryoablation of lung malignancies recurring close to surgical clips following surgery: Report of three cases |
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Rosario F Grasso, Giacomo Luppi, Roberto L Cazzato, Riccardo Del Vescovo, Francesco Giurazza, Simona Mercurio, Eliodoro Faiella, Bruno Beomonte Zobel DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150130 PMID:25709158Background: Minimally ablative therapies are now available for the treatment of lung malignancies. However, selection of the appropriate technique is not always easy and requires accurate preoperative planning. Aims: To describe the treatment of lung tumors with cryoablation. Settings and Design: We report three cases of lung malignancies that recurred close to surgical clips after surgical treatment, successfully treated by cryoablation. Materials and Methods: An initial freezing cycle was performed for 10 min, followed by a 5-min thawing cycle, and an additional 10-min freezing cycle. A final 5-min thaw was necessary to remove the needle from the iceball formed during the freezing cycle. Results: The procedures were completed successfully with no signs of surgical-clip misplacement, and excellent ablation of the lesions. Conclusion: Cryoablation is a relatively new procedure that potentially permits the local treatment of lung tumors with minimal loss of lung parenchyma. |
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Superior thyroid artery pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula following attempted internal jugular venous access and its management |
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Pushpinder Singh Khera, Vinu Moses, Munawwar Ahmed, Shailesh Kakde DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150131 PMID:25709159Vascular injury during common jugular venous (IJV) access is a rare complication, usually involving injury to the common carotid artery. We describe a previously unreported complication of iatrogenic injury of IJV access involving a branch of the superior thyroid artery, and its endovascular management. |
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Endovascular management of spontaneous vertebrovertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with neurofibromatosis 1 |
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Randhi Venkata Narayana, Rajesh Pati, Sibasankar Dalai DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150132 PMID:25709160Extra cranial vertebrovertebral arteriovenous fistulas (VV AVF) are commonly associated with trauma. Their presentation may vary from palpable thrill and myelopathy or myeloradiculopathy. Sudden onset paraparesis is rare. |
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Balloon dilatation of a benign biliary stricture through a T-tube tract |
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Pankaj Gupta, Naveen Kalra, Ajay Kumar, Rakesh Kochhar, Vikas Gupta, Niranjan Khandelwal DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150133 PMID:25709161Percutaneous cholangioplasty is a commonly performed procedure for both benign and malignant diseases. The most common route for accessing the biliary tree is transhepatic, following ultrasound or fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous puncture. There are situations when alternative routes can be utilized to access the common bile duct (CBD). We accessed the CBD via T-tube placed surgically in a 57-year-old man who had obstructive jaundice of obscure etiology which was likely inflammatory. |
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ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY |
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MR defecography for obstructed defecation syndrome  |
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Ravikumar B Thapar, Roysuneel V Patankar, Ritesh D Kamat, Radhika R Thapar, Vipul Chemburkar DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150134 PMID:25709162Patients with obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) form an important subset of patients with chronic constipation. Evaluation and treatment of these patients has traditionally been difficult. Magnetic resonance defecography (MRD) is a very useful tool for the evaluation of these patients. We evaluated the scans and records of 192 consecutive patients who underwent MRD at our center between January 2011 and January 2012. Abnormal descent, rectoceles, rectorectal intussusceptions, enteroceles, and spastic perineum were observed in a large number of these patients, usually in various combinations. We discuss the technique, its advantages and limitations, and the normal findings and various pathologies. |
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Bouveret syndrome: Primary demonstration of cholecystoduodenal fistula on MR and MRCP study |
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Rajkumar Singh Negi, Mukesh Chandra, Rajiv Kapur DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150136 PMID:25709163Bouveret syndrome is an unusual complication of cholelithiasis which results in upper gastrointestinal obstruction due to a gallstone impacted in the duodenum through a bilio-enteric fistula. We present this rare entity which was primarily diagnosed on magnetic resonance (MR) and MR cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) study. |
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CHEST RADIOLOGY |
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Congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations, "sequestration" and beyond |
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Aparna Irodi, Shailesh M Prabhu, Reetu Amrita John, RV Leena DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150138 PMID:25709164Congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations (BPVMs) include a broad spectrum of disorders that involve abnormalities in the form of disruptions of normal communication and/or presence of abnormal communication between one or more of the three main systems of the lung, namely, the airways, arteries, and veins. The establishment of abnormal communications by means of small openings or anastomoses is termed as malinosculation. The aim of this pictorial essay is to illustrate the imaging appearances of the various types of pulmonary malinosculation. |
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HRCT in cystic fibrosis in patients with CFTR I1234V mutation: Assessment of scoring systems with low dose technique using multidetector system and correlation with pulmonary function tests |
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Venkatraman Bhat, Atiqa Abdul Wahab, Kailash C Garg, Ibrahim Janahi, Rajvir Singh DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150144 PMID:25709165Background and Aims: Pulmonary changes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with CFTR I1234V mutation have not been extensively documented. Impact of geographic influence on phenotypical expression is largely unknown. This descriptive clinical study presents the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) pulmonary findings and computed tomography (CT) scoring with respect to pulmonary function tests (PFT) in a small subset of CF group. Materials and Methods: We examined 29 patients between 2 and 31 years of age with CFTR I1234V mutation. HRCT and PFT were performed within 2 weeks of each other. Imaging abnormalities on HRCT were documented and analyzed by utilizing the scoring system described by Bhalla et al., Brody et al., Helbich et al.,and Santamaria et al. Efficacy of the scoring system with respect to PFT was compared. Statistical Analysis: Inter-observer reliability of the scoring systems was tested using intraclass correlation (ICC) between the two observers. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between the scoring systems and between the scoring systems and PFT results. Results: In our study, right upper and middle lobes were the most frequently involved sites of involvement. Bronchiectasis and peribronchial thickening were the most frequent imaging findings. Scores with all four scoring systems were reproducible, with good ICC coefficient of 0.69. There was good agreement between senior radiologists in all scoring systems. Conclusion: We noted pulmonary imaging abnormalities in a large majority (96%) of our CF patients. There was no significant difference in the CT scores observed from various systems. The CT evaluation system by Broody is detailed and time consuming, and is ideal for research and academic setup. On the other hand, the systems by Bhalla and Santamaria are easy to use, quick, and equally informative. We found the scoring system by Santamaria preferable over that of Bhalla by virtue of additional points of evaluation and ease of use, and therefore better suited for busy clinical practice. |
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NEURORADIOLOGY |
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Acute hemorrhagic encephalitis: An unusual presentation of dengue viral infection  |
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Jeyaseelan Nadarajah, Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan, Ajay Kumar Yadav, Arun Kumar Gupta, Naval Kishore Vikram DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150145 PMID:25709166Dengue is a common viral infection worldwide with presentation varying from clinically silent infection to dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and severe fulminant dengue shock syndrome. Neurological manifestation usually results from multisystem dysfunction secondary to vascular leak. Presentation as hemorrhagic encephalitis is very rare. Here we present the case of a 13-year-old female admitted with generalized tonic clonic seizures. Plain computed tomography (CT) scan of head revealed hypodensities in bilateral deep gray matter nuclei and right posterior parietal lobe without any hemorrhage. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serology were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies to dengue viral antigen. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multifocal T2 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensities in bilateral cerebral parenchyma including basal ganglia. No hemorrhage was seen. She was managed with steroids. As her clinical condition deteriorated, after being stable for 2 days, repeat MRI was done which revealed development of hemorrhage within the lesions, and diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic encephalitis of dengue viral etiology was made. |
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Clinical, imaging and histopathological features of isolated CNS lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
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Anil Kumar Patil, Mathew Alexander, Bijesh Nair, Geeta Chacko, Sunithi Mani, Sniya Sudhakar DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150149 PMID:25709167Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare systemic angiocentric/angiodestructive, B cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Central nervous system involvement occurs as part of systemic disease. Isolated central nervous system disease is rare with only few case reports. A 53-year-old male presented with progressive cognitive decline, extrapyramidal features, and altered sensorium with seizures over the last 4 years. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain showed multiple small enhancing nodules in subependymal/ependymal regions and along the vessels. Brain biopsy showed atypical lymphohistiocytic infiltrate suggestive of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. There was no evidence of systemic disease; thus, isolated central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis was diagnosed. |
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MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY |
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PVNS or pseudo aneurysm: MRI-problem solving or misleading? |
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Bhagya Sannananja, Hardik Uresh Shah, Varun Laxman, Chinmay Nagesh DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150152 PMID:25709168Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign neoplastic process affecting the synovium.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered as the imaging modality of choice, where PVNS is seen as a soft tissue lesion affecting the synovium with characteristic hypointense signal on T2-weighted images (T2WI) and typically blooming on gradient echo (GRE) sequences. MRI can sometimes be misleading, with many non-neoplastic pathologies having a tendency of recurrent bleeding closely mimicking PVNS. We report a case of pseudoaneurysm from posterior circumflex humeral artery, a branch of axillary artery, secondary to recurrent shoulder dislocation mimicking PVNS on MRI. |
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Hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: Case report and literature review |
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Aman Gupta, Abhishek Dwivedi, Priyanka Patel, Somya Gupta DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150155 PMID:25709169Osteomalacia in neurofibromatosis is a rare entity and distinct from more common dysplastic skeletal affections of this disease. As a rule, it is characterized by later onset in adulthood. There is renal phosphate loss with hypophosphatemia and multiple pseudofractures in the typical cases. The hypophosphatemic conditions that interfere in bone mineralization comprise many hereditary or acquired diseases, all of them sharing the same pathophysiological mechanism-reduction in phosphate reabsorption by the renal tubuli. This process leads to chronic hyperphosphaturia and hypophosphatemia, associated with inappropriately normal or low levels of calcitriol, causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. |
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OBSTETRIC RADIOLOGY |
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Prenatal diagnosis of body stalk complex: A rare entity and review of literature |
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Keerthi Kocherla, Vasantha Kumari, Prasada Rao Kocherla DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150162 PMID:25709170Body stalk anomalies are a group of massively disfiguring abdominal wall defects in which the abdominal organs lie outside of the abdominal cavity in a sac of amnioperitoneum with absence of or very small umbilical cord. Various hypotheses proposed to explain the pathogenesis of limb body wall complex include early amnion disruptions, embryonic dysplasia, and vascular disruption in early pregnancy. Body stalk anomaly is an accepted fatal anomaly and, hence, its early diagnosis aids in proper management of the patient. |
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MULTI-SYSTEM |
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A rare newly described overgrowth syndrome with vascular malformations-Cloves syndrome |
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Balaji Gopal, Shyamkumar N Keshava, Deepak Selvaraj DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150166 PMID:25709171There are many overgrowth syndromes described in the literature. Few are associated with vascular malformations. We describe a rare, newly described syndrome with features of overgrowth and vascular malformations. |
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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR |
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Intratesticular and scrotal wall air: Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis or Fournier's gangrene: A dilemma |
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Ankit Balani, Rahul Hegde, Amit Dey DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150174 PMID:25709172 |
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Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis |
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Yashant Aswani, Karan M Anandpara DOI:10.4103/0971-3026.150176 PMID:25709173 |
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Author's reply |
p. 75 |
Anitha Mandava, R Prabhakar Rao, D Anjani Kumar, I Shiva Naga Prasad |
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BOOK REVIEW |
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Rad Cases: Breast imaging |
p. 78 |
Bijal Jankharia |
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