The purpose of this study is to study MRI appearances of meniscal and cruciate ligament injuries of knee. Know the role of different sequences in diagnosing these injuries. Compare the MRI findings with arthroscopic findings and appearances reported in literature. The objective is also to study limitations of MRI in detecting meniscal and cruciate ligament injuries of the knee. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy three patients with history of twisting injuries to the knee and suspected to have meniscal and/or cruciate ligamentous tears have been studies using Signa Contour (GE) MR machine with a superconducting magnet and field strength of 0.5 tesla using a Quadrature (QD) extremity coil. Sequences and planes used were spin echo T1, fast spin echo T2, Gradient Echo (GRE) and Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) in direct coronal, sagittal and axial planes using 4mm slice thickness. Patient was placed supine with knee externally roated 15-20 degree minues and flexed 5-10 degree minues. Results: Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy of MRI in detecting meniscal and cruciate ligamentous injuries as compared to arthroscopy is as follows: Medial Meniscus (MM): 96.5 percent,98.28 percent, 97.69 percent; for Lateral Meniscus (LMP:87 percent, 99.29 percent, 97.11 percent, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL):98.72 percent, 98.94 percent, 98.84 percent; and for Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): 98.72 percent, 98.94 percent, 98.84 percent. Most commonly Medial Meniscus (57 patients:32 percent) and anterior cruciate ligament (78 patients:45 percent) injury was seen involving the posterior horn of Medial Meniscus (45 patients:79 percent), and midsubstance Anterior Cruciate Ligament (53 patients:68 percent) respectively. Conclusion: MRI is a very useful non-invasive diagnostic modality having high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the identification of meniscal and cruciate ligament injuuries. MRI should be done in very patient of suspected ligamentous injury, to be posted for arthroscopy thus preventing unwanted arthroscopies.

Objectives- The determine the success rate of deployment and long term patency of Gianturco Rosch metal stents in inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinomas and to evaluate the effectiveness of partial drainage in the palliation of jaundice in these patients. Materials and Methods : Over a period of two years, nine patients of inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinomas were referred for percutaneous biliary drainage and stent placement. All patients were put on internal external catheter drainage as aa first step prior to stenting. One patient, who had severe pre-existing cholangitis, died a few days after catheter drainage. Of the remaining eight patients, seven had only partial drainage of the liver. The segments or lobe with atrophy, portal vein occlusion or tumour infiltration were excluded. The eight patients received a total of 14 Gianturco Rosch Z-stents. There were no major procedure related complications and no evidence of cholangitis up to 30 days after discharge. Bilirubin levels in all patients dropped sharply following the stenting. On follow up, 2 patients had stent occlusions at 2 months, one patient at 6.5 months. One patient had a 11-month survival without stent occlusion. Cholangitis episodes on follow up were found to be uncommon and mild when present. Endoscopic insertion of a plastic stent through the metal stent was done in 3 patients with stent occlusion. Conclusions: Percutaneous deployment of Gianturco Rosch metal stents is safe, has a high success rate and provides adequate palliation even when few segments of the liver are not drained. Due to the relatively long survival of these patients, reinterventions may be required frequently.

Hydatid disease is a well-known entity since the era of Hippocrates. Although breast is one of the rare sites for the occurrence of hydatid disease, it has been well evaluated with the various newer imaging modalities and its imaging features are well described in the literature. This essay describes various imaging features of an operatively proven case of hydatid disease of breast with review of literature.